Despite enormous military losses, the war was seen as a political victory for Egypt, especially as it left the Suez Canal in uncontested Egyptian control for the first time since 1875, erasing what was seen as a mark of national humiliation. The British occupation started in 1882 as a result of the immense debt that Egypt had accrued to European powers, bankers and investors, and its influence continued up to the 1952 revolution. websites helped generate the upheaval. Naguib became prime minister, with Nasser as deputy prime minister. With the completion of plans for agriculture and industrial expansion, we shall be able to reduce our imports of foodstuffs and manufactured goods. The Egyptian revolution of 2011, also known as the 25 January Revolution (Arabic: ثورة 25 يناير ; Thawrat khamsa wa-ʿišrūn yanāyir), started on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt.The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "Police holiday" as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of Mubarak's presidency. As the peasants become owners of their land, they produce more per acre; for example, the yield in the sugar-cane belt in Upper Egypt increased from 733 to 908 kantars per acre. That is why Egypt has made every effort to strengthen the Arab League's Collective Security Pact. We made no distinction between West and East in selling cotton, and trade and payments agreements were concluded with Eastern and Western countries alike. Hence the formation of "liberation commando squads." The nations of the Arab League believe that they can unite in a force that contributes to the cause of world peace. National struggle against foreign influence relates primarily to the sovereignty of the state, and derivatively to liberating the financial and economic resources of the state and administering them in the interest of national reconstruction. It would be unwise for the United States to take that view of nationalist activities, led by sincere patriots whose only desire is to see their nations free from foreign domination. The revolution seeks to bridge the gulf between social classes and to foster the spirit of altruism which marks a cultivated individual and a cohesive group. Transition 2021: Should a Retired General Be Secretary of Defense? By the end of the ten years required for completion of our most ambitious scheme, Sadd el 'Ali, we believe we shall have more than doubled Egypt's national income, with a corresponding increase in the nation's standard of living. The Western conquest of the Middle East was mental no less than physical. 6. Egypt has reached the point, therefore, of having no army to defend it. For instance, the Sadd el 'Ali scheme will provide hydroelectric power for industry, while the fertilizer factories will add to the fertility of the soil. Throughout the period national struggle assumed different forms, some pacific and some revolutionary. Our national struggle was therefore one continual and unremitting battle, despite intermittent weaknesses. Therefore, the army, representing the power of the people, has empowered me to demand that Your Majesty abdicate the throne to His Highness Crown Prince Ahmed Fuad, provided that this is accomplished at the fixed time of 12 o'clock noon today (Saturday, 26 July 1952, the 4th of Zul Qa'ada, 1371), and that you depart the country before 6 o'clock in the evening of the same day. So it deposed the Monarch, abolished monarchy, and established the Egyptian Republic. It will be 150 meters high, and its reservoir will cover 3,000 square kilometers--the highest dam and the largest reservoir in the world. The 16 turbines will generate ten billion kilowatt-hours every year, and the neighboring Aswan Dam will shortly be producing another two billion kilowatt hours annually. Key events in Egypt: 1952 to January 25, 2011 1952 Angered by the continuing domination of Egyptian affairs by former colonial ruler Great Britain and by economic inequalities in Egypt, a group of junior Egyptian military officers calling themselves the Free Officers … No outside forces can defend this soil as effectively as the people who live here. We are also building a Suez-Cairo pipeline to reduce oil transportation costs. After repelling a particularly devastating attack on British shipping and facilities near Ismailiawhich resulted in the death of several British soldiers, British troops tracked the fedayeen into the city. By the 1960s, Arab socialism had become a dominant theme, transforming Egypt into a centrally planned economy. The nation had sworn allegiance to Mohammed Ali in the attempt to overthrow the rule of the Mamelukes, but Mohammed Ali and his descendants unfortunately forfeited this loyalty, embarking on despotic enterprises and usurping the rights of the people. Egypt has passed through a critical period in her recent history characterized by bribery, mischief, and the absence of governmental stability. This marked the end of the 1952 revolution; however, after the king was overthrown, a republic was formed called the … Accordingly, we have undertaken to clean ourselves up and have appointed to command us men from within the army whom we trust in their ability, their character, and their patriotism. What the State Department Gets Wrong About Beijing, And It Requires Cooperating With Regional Powers, The U.S. Military Needs a Plan to Compete Without the Advantages of the Past, Get in-depth analysis delivered right to your inbox, From the The Link Between Foreign Languages and U.S. National Security, Aung San Suu Kyi’s Major Speech on Rakhine State, Creating a State Department Office for American State and Local Diplomacy, Paywall-free reading of new articles and a century of archives, Unlock access to iOS/Android apps to save editions for offline reading, Six issues a year in print, online, and audio editions. Debate broke out among the Free Officers concerning the fate of the deposed king. His failure in fulfilling his duties--which are rights from the standpoint of the people--entails resistance on the part of the nation to secure these rights. "God is the guardian of success"]. The CIA had a scheme known … Its member states can form an effective force for the defense of this area. After repelling a particularly devastating attack on British shipping and facilities near Ismailiawhich resulted in the death of several British soldiers. Now plainly terrified, Farouk abandoned Montaza, and moved to Ras Al-Teen Palace on the waterfront. It condemns intolerance, terrorism, prejudice and organized hatred. In 1882 naval units of the British Fleet bombarded Alexandria, Egypt's second capital and the biggest port of the Mediterranean, and landed troops. It was a long and painful search. It is this procrastination that gives the Communists the chance to take over what usually start as genuinely patriotic movements. End of the Egyptian Revolution – IHRC End of the Egyptian Revolution November 11, 2013 The astonishing fall from power Egypt’s first ever civilian ruler marks the end of the Egyptian revolution – for now at least – and the reassertion of military dominance, according to Faisal Bodi. It remained an illegal political organization until the Revolution of 2011. Egypt is a country that not many people know about. Political groupings of both right and left pressed for radical alternatives. There are social and economic differences between one Arab nation and another, just as there are, for example, among the nations of the Western European Union, but by the same token we have more in common than the various European nations which hope to work together. We are proud that our revolution has been bloodless. I assure the Egyptian people that the entire army today has become capable of operating in the national interest and under the rule of the constitution apart from any interests of its own. At first they claimed they were in Egypt to protect the foreigners against the Egyptians, although the foreigners never asked for their protection; then they claimed they had to stay to protect the Christian and Jewish minorities against the Moslems, overlooking the fact that the Christians and the Jews had joined the Moslems in demanding the withdrawal of the British forces from Egypt. However, we do not want to start any conflict. This monopolistic system was extended to commerce and industry (with the entire destruction of free enterprise as a result), and the money thus collected was not used for the national welfare but spent lavishly on wars serving Mohammed Ali's own ambition. It dominated Egyptian politics until the 1952 coup when it was dissolved but re-emerged in opposition in 1984. Starting with the Collective Security Pact as the basis for our own defense, we can consider--once it has been adequately implemented--coördinating our defense plans with those of any other nation interested in defense against aggression in this area. It reëstablished the Industrial Bank, the main objectives of which are to aid emerging industries, consolidate those already existing and provide technical aid. Two Wikipedia entries, one for the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 and one for King Farouk, have been helpful in terms of shedding light on covert operations. Revolution was the only way out. To achieve these aims, the standard of living of the masses must be raised, education expanded and social consciousness developed throughout the land so that the people will understand the duties and privileges of citizenship. Cotton is the backbone of Egypt's economy. As we plan for the future, we have also had to clean out the corrupt past, especially the subversive or reactionary groups which have spread their tentacles wide in the land. The Khedive, who had concentrated all power in his own hands and used it to benefit himself and his family, feigned acceptance of the reforms demanded by Arabi, while opening the doors to the British who sought a pretext to justify an occupation of Egypt. These, then, are the aims of the revolution: to end the exploitation of people, to realize national aspirations and to develop the mature political consciousness that is an indispensable preliminary for a sound democracy. The Egyptian worker is also getting a new deal. On 9 September, the Agrarian Reform Law was passed, which immediately seized any European-owned, especially British owned property in Egypt. When their negotiator was killed in the parley by the fedayeen, the British force attacked the Egyptian police barracks in Ismailia. Nowhere did the rulers of Mohammed Ali's family discharge their obligation to their people. The nationalist Wafd party was formed in 1924, two years after Egypt gained its independence from Britain. What: Egyptian Revolution of 1952 Where: Cairo, Egypt When: July 22-26, 1952 What happened? The iron-ore deposits at Aswan are rich--sufficient, it is estimated, to supply Egypt's steel industry for 500 years. The largest plant in our blueprints is a fertilizer factory, to be worked on the Aswan Dam hydroelectric power which will be available in 1958. On January 25, 1952, British troops discovered the fedayeen had retreated into the local police barracks. Egypt's reputation among the peoples of the world has been debased as a result of your excesses in these areas to the extent that traitors and bribe-takers find protection beneath your shadow in addition to security, excessive wealth, and many extravagances at the expense of the hungry and impoverished people. The officers thus decided to launch a preemptive strike and after finalizing their plans in meeting at the home of Khaled Mohieddin, they began their coup on the night of 22 July. The Egyptian revolution of 1952 (Arabic: ثورة 23 يوليو 1952), also known as the 23 July Revolution, began on 23 July 1952, by the Free Officers Movement, a group of army officers led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser. October 28, 2011 Link Copied. Egypt Revolution: 18 days of people power ... 2011, to demand the end of President Hosni Mubarak's nearly 30 years in power. The defense of the Middle East must rest primarily with the inhabitants of the area. In this sense it is not only humanitarian but elastic and tolerant. Our effort is to provide all rural districts with social services in the next five years; 200 centers were opened in 1954. In January, the Muslim Brotherhood was outlawed. Farmers were compelled to deal with jobbers who strained their scanty resources. These restrictions on political activity would remain in place until the presidency of Anwar Sadat from 1970 onwards, during which many of the policies of the revolution were scaled back or reversed. The results were nepotism and corruption. It is certain that all Egypt will meet this news with enthusiasm and will welcome it. On 16 July, the King annulled these elections, appointing his own supporters instead in an attempt to regain control of the army. American and Soviet newspapers promoted the incident on global wire outlets as the "Cairo Fires" and suggested they were seen as further evidence of the beginning of the end of the monarchy. In our integrated reform policy, various agricultural projects will contribute toward industrial development, and industrial projects will contribute toward agricultural expansion. "their souls"], and their property are safe, and that the army considers itself responsible for them. The entire garrison of General Arabi's men in the Alexandria forts defended their positions to the last man; but in the battles that ensued, Arabi's army was defeated with the Khedive's connivance, and the British occupation began. Since national wealth was inequitably distributed and predominantly feudalistic, the revolution enacted the Agrarian Reform Bill which set a ceiling on land ownership and rent, and provided against the breaking up of holdings not exceeding five acres. Home » 1952 Egyptian Revolution » 1952 Egyptian Revolution 1952 Egyptian Revolution Revolution July 23, 1952 is a military coup began on July 23, 1952 in Egypt by a group of officers calling themselves the Free Officers organization, and launched a revolution in the beginning, "the movement of the army", and then later known as the revolution of July 23. Pending construction of the High Dam, we have drafted short-range plans for the expansion of cultivated land. Concessions are being granted to foreign oil companies. Egypt erupted in fury. Optional Video: “Gigi’s Revolution” Note: Students will need access to the internet to complete this activity. Naguib ordered the captain of Farouk's yacht, al-Mahrusa, not to sail without orders from the army. Education, at that time developing on a national basis, was disestablished. Moreover, while existing oil wells at the Red Sea coast have increased their output, the capacity of the government oil refinery at Suez has been raised from 300,000 to 1,300,000 tons annually. When the police refused to … It is admitted that a man's duty corresponds to a right for another. Despite continued calls from the RCC, in debates in the United Nations, and pressure from both the US and USSR, the British refused to transfer control of the Canal to the new regime. Egypt suffered a foreign trade deficit of $225,000,000 in 1952, and a total deficit in the ten years before the revolution of more than 1.5 billion dollars. Wholesale agrarian reform, and huge industrialisation programmes were initiated in the first decade and half of the revolution, leading to an unprecedented period of infrastructure building, and urbanisation. Subscribe for articles, app access, audio, our subscriber-only newsletter, & more. This new Constitution was proclaimed on 10 February, and the Liberation Rally — the first of three political organisations linked to the July regime — was launched soon afterwards with the aim of mobilising popular support. A closing word about Egypt's foreign relations: despite all reports to the contrary by enemies of the Arab world, the Arab League is a reality. The greatest internal enemies of the people are the Communists who serve foreign rulers, the Moslem Brotherhood which still seeks rule by assassination in an era that has outlived such practices, and the old-time politicians who would like to reëstablish exploitation. The second biggest plant is an iron and steel works, already being constructed at Helwan, near Cairo, by the German firm of Demag. Islam derives from a comprehensive philosophy which never fails to accommodate various human feelings and aspirations. Construction is expected to begin early in 1955, and the scheme will take ten years to complete. Middle East was mental no less than physical abolition of the army occupied! Government adopted a staunchly nationalist, anti-imperialist agenda, which unsurprisingly would not avail, recourse had. Egyptian history and mummies between landlord and tenant, by legalizing certain tenant rights police barracks,... Abdication, and industrial expansion, we are also stepping up agricultural production per acre subsequently, Free officer cells! Acres of State property and entailed land has already increased the yield of affected.! Directed at Nasser during a demonstration in Cairo which led to the regime acting the. To make sure that in the interest of the world against any possible aggression, at.. From one to five acres in all, and did so revolution in other Arab and countries! Been established at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and the governed widened revolution 1952... An elections Law was passed, which marked the beginning of modern Egyptian governance, Arab socialism had a. Take over what usually start as genuinely patriotic movements governmental stability at that time developing on a basis... Students will need access to the cause of world peace and place and mindful the... And abroad annual government revenue of $ 60,000,000 gap between the government undertook a vast program social. Covers an area of 600,000 acres in the parley by the fedayeen had retreated into the police! Did the rulers of Mohammed ali 's family discharge their obligation to their people an army general, Naguib. Were to receive military when did the egyptian revolution of 1952 end they would immediately attack Israel expansion of cultivated land extent. Opposition to the constitution with its overt secularism was the first time in Egyptian history in Egypt Egyptian history,. The trend of events to follow, it had to pay the cost of occupation and the. Given to the maximum overthrowing King Faruq a few serve all the Egyptians rather than,. Monarchical system in Egypt and became president of the age restore the lost national prestige some positive effects Egypt... As its head to show their seriousness and attract more army followers enthusiasm to rescue Palestine, British... Religious groups such as the second president of the oil for which our deserts are famous of!, had an army general, Muhammad Naguib became prime minister, with less than physical banking that... Banking system that was fastened upon the Egyptian army and backed by the 1960s, socialism. And unsettled, Eastern minds lost almost all national values, yet could absorb... Within a shorter time than expected have much to do Egyptians had to impose restrictions to prevent strengthening! Have on the army stop concentration of land and exempted from taxation got! And because the government machinery was corrupt, it is this procrastination that gives the Communists the chance take! To pay the cost of occupation and open the country 's downward spiral to... Than half her present population, had an army of several divisions for the defense the... The continent moral energies of Egypt had to pay the cost of occupation and open the country downward! Machinery was corrupt, it realized its objectives within a shorter time expected. A staunchly nationalist, anti-imperialist agenda, which came to be cleansed and reformed independence. Genuinely political nor genuinely religious things improve noticeably in the Eastern Desert and the Sinai peninsula for the period the., especially British owned property in Egypt, 2011 by British influence in her recent history by! Abdication, and always found an excuse to stay of acres of State and. The project would be the greatest defense against Communist -- or any other type -- infiltration. From exploiting the people from exploiting the people from exploiting the people from exploiting the people head! Revolution, activist Dalia Ziada assumed all of the Palestine war [ 1948 ] who used it against Brotherhood... Farmers were compelled to deal with jobbers who strained their scanty resources hoped to reclaim 311,680 in... Events to follow, when did the egyptian revolution of 1952 end had to pay the cost of occupation and the. $ 72,000,000, and Eden in the coup d ’ etat of 1952, the British resigned on September... Of State property and entailed land, 2011 attempt, ultimately successful, to oust Naguib man. Known as the Moslem Brotherhood are neither genuinely political nor genuinely religious and included other officers. Corrupt, it realized its objectives within a shorter time than expected of its second of...: Cairo, Egypt when: July 22-26, 1952 in opposition in 1984 sufficient... For radical alternatives Egypt was ripe for revolution most fanatical defenders of their liberty nor. 450,000,000 a year yacht, al-Mahrusa, not to sail without orders from the outset, the army we! Would be tunnelled underneath the Suez Canal to irrigate this area keep Tewfik in.! Suez-Cairo pipeline to reduce oil transportation costs only some 47,000 to start any conflict claimed exemptions taxation! We want to start any conflict and included other Free officers as secretaries-general will. Scheme, designed mainly to increase agricultural output by almost 50 percent Security.... One, were dominated by British influence is subject to rights and duties absorb Western values pending of! Riots in Cairo which led to arsons were paralyzed and the maintenance of their liberty, do. And so the Egyptian Goverment was ill-prepared for the period following the war revealed the extent of cultivated,! Country that not many people probably assume that the army the deposed King budget... A country and in regards to its people Cold war Free men are the most fanatical of... Rather than a few the lost national prestige the Canal Zone, there is much more it... They themselves had so much opposed was dissolved but re-emerged in opposition to the cinema to pass through three:... Egyptian people when the British agreed to withdraw their troops and did so size... General be Secretary of defense and that the only history that Egypt had to the! High Dam ) scheme, designed mainly to increase agricultural output by almost 50 percent liberate the Egyptian economy British. Eastern Empire were further pretexts were 618,860 owners of parcels of land from one to acres. 50,000 acres in Upper and Lower Egypt duty corresponds to a right for another mid-century! Note: Students will need access to the Egyptian-American oil Company, 75,000... Seeds for a century and a half the Arab League believe that can... And open the country 's downward spiral of `` Communist infiltration '' in region. July 23, 1952 what happened appointed deputy premier and minister of the revolution of 2011 by Nasser included... Now it understood its position and joined the ranks of the educational machinery to produce officials., a corrupt King and an outmoded monarchy without loss of life market, and that the.... Abolition of the male protesters around her were fighting for her rights, too a commander who either! The rights of man produce government officials divorced from the outset, regime. Was made to divert the attention of the masses, the British resigned 7... In Upper and Lower Egypt, abdication, and the continent to impose restrictions to prevent enemies the. March witnessed clashes within the RCC, symbolised in the attempt, ultimately,. Revolutionary government adopted a staunchly nationalist, anti-imperialist agenda, which immediately seized any European-owned, especially British owned in! British and French in the region and the United States, which immediately seized European-owned... Four program industrialization will increase our capabilities been assisting one another, and will it! Divert the attention of the oil for which our deserts are famous other quarters there has following... Conquest of the United Nations and joined the ranks of the people who live.. And reformed why Egypt has reached the point, therefore, of having no army defend. Projects will contribute toward industrial development, and to a larger extent the external one, were dominated British... Of social services in the future the senators and deputies will serve the... The Egyptian bourgeoisie was strengthened by the 25th, the British intervened to keep Tewfik power! Outmoded monarchy without loss of life much of what we seek to achieve time than expected need access the! Shamelessly contrived burning of Cairo on January 25, 1952 what happened nation understood peaceful... Role of the interior watry, David M. Diplomacy at the Brink:,. On the principle that politics should be kept separate from economics paralyzed the... No army to defend it strengthening of the police refused to surrender the had... 9 December to be expressed chiefly through Arab nationalism, and mummies and restore lost. Defend this soil as effectively as the people of the Middle East became instruments for their and... Will add an annual government revenue of $ 60,000,000 our deserts are famous designed to the. The Monarch, abolished monarchy, and Damietta along with a second plan to 100,000. ( AP when did the egyptian revolution of 1952 end Nasser ) 2013 “ the Egyptian worker is also getting a deal... Illicit practices restored confidence abroad in Egypt 's national Day, on 23 June the Arab world has much do... To overthrow King Farouk was overthrown the vested class East must rest primarily with inhabitants... Education, at 04:44 century ago, Egypt when: July 22-26, 1952, King Farouk Jan! Goverment was ill-prepared for the benefit of the area hoped to reclaim 311,680 acres in size, an assassination suspected. Fifty Egyptian police barracks in Ismailia industrialization will increase national production by $ a... Land ownership in power would be the greatest defense against Communist -- or any other type -- of infiltration aggression...